Ships of all kinds sail in and out of its harbour and foreigners are forever crowding its markets looking for things to buy. It is the capital of the Chola kingdom and enjoys trade relations with Sri Lanka, Burma and even distant Java. The story of Silappadikaram (sometimes spelt Cilappatikaram) begins in Puhar (Poompuhar), the ancient port-town in the northern region of Tamil country. These narratives continue to be read and studied and constitute an important component of Tamil culture and literature. Narayanswami Iyer in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries enabled the ‘rediscovery’ of these works for the modern era.Īt some point after the Sangam period, two epic narratives were written-the Silappadikaram (Tale of an Anklet) by Ilango Adigal and another closely-linked work, the Manimeghalai (named after its heroine) by Sattanar. These works too were forgotten for centuries before the work of scholars like U.V. The poetics of these works of poetry are all based on the Tolkappiyam. What is today referred to as Sangam literature consists of eight anthologies ( Ettuthogai) and ten long poems ( Pathupattu), all of which are the products of the third sangam. Tradition holds that this Sangam ‘sat’ for 1,850 years.
What has come down to the present-day dates to the third Sangam, which ‘sat’ in Madurai, sometime in the first or second century CE. Virtually, every other work of the first two sangams have been lost. The Tolkappiyam, which is the earliest Tamil grammar, composed by Tolkappiyar, the supposed disciple of Agastya, is said to date back to this sangam. This Sangam supposedly ‘sat’ for 3,700 years before Kapatapuram was destroyed by a flood. The second sangam convened in a city on the eastern coast of the Tamil region, a legendary city called Kapatapuram. This first sangam was convened in a city to the south of the city of Madurai that was later swallowed by the sea. This legendary first work of early Tamil literature has almost entirely been lost except for a few verses that are quoted in commentaries dating back to the medieval period. His book, the Akattiyam was the most important text of this first sangam. The first sangam ‘sat’ for 4,440 years and was presided over by the sage Agastya, the legendary progenitor of the Tamil language. Tradition holds that there were three sangams. Tamil literature goes back to the Sangam Era, named after the assembly (sangam) of poets. The poetics of these sublime works of poetry are based on the Tolkappiyam, which is the earliest Tamil grammar.Īt some point after the Sangam period, two epic narratives were written-the Silappadikaram (the Tale of an Anklet) by Ilango Adigal and another closely-linked work, the Manimeghalai (named after its heroine) by Sattanar. Sangam literature consists of eight anthologies (Ettuthogai) and ten long poems (Pathupattu). What has come down to the present-day, dates to the first and second century CE. Tradition holds that there were two earlier such sangams, the works of which have been lost. Tamil literature goes back to the Sangam Era, named after the assembly (sangam) of poets based in Madurai. After all, among Tamil’s more vehement assertions is the fact that it has ancient literature. The languages of the Dravidian language family, to which Tamil belongs, have time and again, asserted their separate origins and history which is long. As an ancient and highly developed language that evolved independently from Sanskrit and Sanskrit-derived languages, it occupies a special place.
HISTORY OF TAMIL BOOKS FREE
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